| Corporate Loans to Directors and Officers |
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| At common law, a corporation's surplus funds could lawfully be loaned to directors and officers of the corporation unless the loan was fundamentally unfair to the shareholders, concealed from the shareholders, or fraudulent. The circumstances under which a corporation may permissibly make loans to directors and officers are now largely governed by statute. The permissibility of such loans varies from state to state. Most jurisdictions have adopted some version of the Revised Model Business Corporation Act (Act). Under the Act, a corporation generally cannot make a personal loan to an officer or a director unless the loan has been approved (or subsequently ratified) by a majority of the shareholders. If an approved loan is challenged, judicial review is often focused on whether the loan was fair overall to the corporation and its shareholders. More... |
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| Investment Adviser Reporting Requirements |
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| Investment advisers must file Form ADV with the Securities and Exchange Commission or with state offices for regulating securities. Investment advisers who manage $25 million or more in client assets must file the form and register with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Advisers managing smaller amounts of assets must file Form ADV with state securities regulators. More... |
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| Liabliity Under Clean Water Act |
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| Enacted in 1972, The Clean Water Act1 (CWA) attempts to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of United States waters by regulating the discharge of pollutants into the nation's surface waters, water treatment plants, and wetlands. Generally, a violation of the CWA occurs when a pollutant is discharged without an appropriate permit or in contravention or an effluent limitation or pretreatment requirement.
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| Registration Requirements for Securities Brokers and Dealers |
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| Most brokers and dealers are required under Section 15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to register with the Securities and Exchange Commission and with a self-regulatory organization such as a national stock exchange before engaging in the securities business. More... |
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| Investment Advisor Codes of Ethics |
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| Rule 204A-1 of the Securities and Exchange Commission, adopted pursuant to the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, requires implementation of codes of ethics by investment advisers. Each adviser's code of ethics must include a standard of conduct and must require compliance with federal securities laws. The codes also must require that investment adviser employees must report their personal stock transactions, and copies of the codes must be made available to clients of the investment advisor. More... |
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